Frequently Asked Questions
At Urban Tree Health, we’re committed to providing clear and practical guidance on arboricultural matters to support your project from planning through to construction. This FAQ section answers common questions about our reports, assessments, and compliance with AS 4970:2025 and council requirements.
If your question isn’t covered here, please contact us — our team will be happy to assist and provide the right advice for your situation.
Tree Removal Permit - FAQ
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What is a tree removal permit?
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A tree removal permit is official approval from your local council that allows you to legally remove, prune, or lop a tree. Permits are typically required if the tree is protected under planning overlays such as the Vegetation Protection Overlay (VPO), Environmental Significance Overlay (ESO), or Significant Landscape Overlay (SLO).
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Are there exemptions to tree removal permits?
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Yes, exemptions may apply depending on your location and the tree’s condition. Common exemptions include:
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Dead or dangerous trees (with arborist verification)
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Trees within bushfire-prone areas under the 10/30 or 10/50 rules
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Non-native or small trees not covered by overlays
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Always check with your local council before removing any tree.
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What are the penalties for illegal tree removal in Victoria?
Removing a tree without the required permit can lead to serious consequences. Councils may issue substantial fines, enforce replanting orders, or take legal action. In some cases, unauthorised removal can also delay or jeopardise future development approvals. It’s always best to consult your local council and a qualified arborist before taking any action.
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How does the tree removal permit process work?
The typical process includes:
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Checking planning overlays on your property
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Engaging a qualified arborist for a tree assessment
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Submitting a permit application to your local council
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Awaiting council review and decision
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Some councils may require site inspections or additional documentation.
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What’s the difference between a tree removal permit and an arborist report?
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A tree removal permit is the legal approval from council to remove a tree.
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An arborist report is a professional assessment of the tree’s health, risk, and retention value, often required to support your permit application.​
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The arborist report helps councils make informed decisions and ensures compliance with local planning regulations.
Pre-Purchase Tree Reports - FAQ
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What is a pre-purchase tree report?
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A pre-purchase tree report is an arborist’s assessment of the trees on or near a property you’re considering buying. It evaluates tree health, structural integrity, potential risks, and any planning or legal constraints that may affect future use or development of the land.
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What are the benefits of tree reports for property buyers?
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Pre-purchase tree reports help buyers:
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Identify hidden risks such as unstable or diseased trees
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Avoid unexpected removal costs or council penalties
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Understand long-term maintenance needs
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Ensure compliance with local planning overlays
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Make informed decisions about landscaping or development potential
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What tree risks should I consider when buying a house?
Common risks include:
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Trees with structural defects or decay
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Root systems that may damage foundations, driveways, or underground services
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Overhanging branches posing safety hazards
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Protected trees that cannot be removed without council approval
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Trees that may attract pests or cause seasonal issues (e.g. leaf drop, allergies)
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What should be included in a tree inspection checklist for home buyers?
A thorough tree inspection should cover:
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Tree species and age
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Health and structural condition
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Root zone and canopy spread
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Proximity to buildings and infrastructure
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Risk level and recommended actions
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Council overlay or permit requirements
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What tree-related property issues should I be aware of?
Issues may include:
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Trees protected under local planning schemes
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Encroachment into neighbouring properties
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Tree-related insurance exclusions
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Potential for future removal costs
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Restrictions on development due to tree location or significance
Preliminary Arboricultural Reports (PAR) – FAQ
Why do I need a Preliminary Arboricultural Report?
A Preliminary Arboricultural Report is essential for identifying and assessing trees on a development site before design and planning begin. It helps ensure compliance with council regulations, supports informed decision-making, and reduces the risk of delays or penalties during the planning approval process.
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How does a PAR support tree retention and removal planning?
The report evaluates each tree’s health, structure, and retention value, guiding decisions about which trees should be retained, protected, or removed. This helps balance development goals with environmental responsibility and council expectations.
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What is tree mapping and why is it important for development sites?
Tree mapping involves documenting the location, size, and condition of all trees on a site. It provides a visual reference for planners, architects, and council officers, ensuring that tree-related constraints are considered early in the design process.
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What do TPZ and SRZ mean in tree reports?
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TPZ (Tree Protection Zone): The area around a tree that must be protected during construction to avoid damage to roots and canopy.
SRZ (Structural Root Zone): A critical area near the trunk that supports the tree’s stability. Encroachment into the SRZ can compromise the tree’s safety and health.
Understanding these zones is vital for designing around trees and complying with AS4970:2025 standards.
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How are tree risk and retention value assessed in a PAR?
Each tree is evaluated for:
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Risk: Potential to fail or cause damage due to poor health, structure, or location.
Retention Value: Based on species, health, size, significance, and contribution to the landscape.
This assessment helps determine which trees are worth preserving and which may pose a hazard or conflict with development.
​Arboricultural Impact Assessment Reports (AIA) - FAQ
​​Why do I need an Arboricultural Impact Assessment?
An Arboricultural Impact Assessment (AIA) is required when development is proposed near existing trees. It evaluates how construction activities may affect tree health and stability, and outlines measures to protect significant trees. Councils often require an AIA as part of the planning permit process to ensure compliance with tree protection standards.
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What is a Tree Protection Zone (TPZ)?
The Tree Protection Zone (TPZ) is a calculated area around a tree that must be protected during construction to avoid damage to roots, trunk, and canopy. It’s based on the tree’s diameter and is critical for maintaining tree health and structural integrity. Encroachment into the TPZ must be carefully managed and justified in the AIA.
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What is the Structural Root Zone (SRZ) in tree reports?
The Structural Root Zone (SRZ) is the area closest to the tree trunk that contains roots essential for the tree’s stability. Unlike the TPZ, the SRZ is not negotiable—any disturbance within this zone can compromise the tree’s ability to remain upright and safe. The AIA identifies SRZ boundaries to guide safe construction practices.
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How is tree retention value used in development planning?
Tree retention value is an assessment of a tree’s significance based on species, health, structure, landscape contribution, and legal protection. Trees with high retention value are prioritized for preservation, while those with low value may be considered for removal. This helps developers balance site design with environmental and regulatory responsibilities.
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What are the AS4970 guidelines for tree protection?
AS4970:2025 is the Australian Standard for the protection of trees on development sites. It provides a framework for assessing tree health, calculating TPZ and SRZ, and implementing protective measures during construction. Arborists use this standard to ensure trees are managed responsibly and in line with best practices.
Arboricultural Assessment Reports - FAQ
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Why do I need an Arboricultural Assessment?
An Arboricultural Assessment provides a detailed evaluation of trees on a property or development site. It helps identify tree health, structural condition, and potential risks, and is often required by councils to support planning applications, tree removal requests, or development approvals.
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What does tree health and structural condition mean?
Tree health refers to the biological vitality of a tree—its foliage, growth rate, and resistance to pests or disease. Structural condition assesses the physical integrity of the tree, including trunk stability, branch structure, and root anchorage. Together, these factors determine a tree’s safety and suitability for retention.
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How does the report support tree retention and removal strategy?
The assessment categorises trees based on their condition, significance, and potential impact on development. Trees with high retention value are recommended for protection, while those with poor health or low landscape value may be considered for removal. This strategy helps balance environmental responsibility with practical site planning.
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What are AS4970 tree protection standards?
AS4970:2025 is the Australian Standard for the protection of trees on development sites. It provides guidelines for assessing trees, calculating Tree Protection Zones (TPZ) and Structural Root Zones (SRZ), and implementing protective measures during construction. Arborists use this standard to ensure trees are managed safely and responsibly.
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How is tree significance and heritage value assessed?
Tree significance is based on species rarity, age, size, ecological value, and contribution to the landscape. Heritage value may relate to cultural, historical, or community importance. These factors influence whether a tree should be preserved, protected under overlays, or considered for special management.
Tree Protection Specifications (TPS) & Tree Protection Plans (TPP) – FAQ
Why do I need a TPS & TPP?
A Tree Protection Specification & Tree Protection Plan outlines how trees will be protected during construction or development. It’s often required by councils as part of a planning permit or building approval process. The plan ensures that significant trees are preserved and that construction activities do not compromise their health or stability.
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What is a Tree Protection Zone (TPZ)?
The Tree Protection Zone (TPZ) is a calculated area around a tree that must be protected from disturbance during construction. It includes the root system, trunk, and canopy spread. Encroachment into the TPZ can lead to tree stress, decline, or failure, so it must be carefully managed and documented in the TPS & TPP.
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What is the Structural Root Zone (SRZ) in tree reports?
The Structural Root Zone (SRZ) is the area closest to the tree trunk that contains roots essential for the tree’s physical stability. Unlike the TPZ, the SRZ is non-negotiable—any disturbance within this zone can compromise the tree’s ability to remain upright and safe. The TPS & TPP identifies SRZ boundaries to guide construction practices.
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What are AS4970 tree protection standards?
AS4970:2025 is the Australian Standard for the Protection of Trees on Development Sites. It provides guidelines for assessing trees, calculating NRZ/TPZ and SRZ, and implementing protective measures such as fencing, signage, and monitoring. TPS & TPP are developed in accordance with these standards to ensure best-practice tree management.
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What’s the difference between a Tree Protection Specifications & Tree Protection Plan and an Arborist Report?
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A Tree Protection Specifications & Tree Protection Plan and an Arborist Report serve different purposes, even though both relate to tree management on development sites.
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Tree Protection Specifications & Tree Protection Plan (TPS & TPP): These documents outline how trees will be protected during construction or development. They include details such as Tree Protection Zones (TPZ), ground protection methods, fencing layouts, and procedures for working near trees. The goal is to ensure compliance with relevant standards (such as AS4970:2025) and to guide site contractors on how to prevent tree damage.
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Arborist Report: An Arborist Report provides a detailed assessment of a tree or group of trees. It typically covers tree health, structure, species, significance, and recommendations for retention or removal. This type of report is often used for planning applications, permit assessments, or when councils require expert advice before approving works that may impact vegetation.
Project Arborist – FAQ
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What is the role of a Project Arborist in construction?
A Project Arborist oversees the protection and management of trees during construction. Their role includes monitoring compliance with approved Tree Protection Management Plans (TPMP), conducting site inspections, advising on tree health and safety, and ensuring that construction activities do not damage retained trees. They act as a liaison between developers, contractors, and council authorities.
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What is a Tree Protection Zone (TPZ)?
The Tree Protection Zone (TPZ) is a calculated area around a tree that must be protected during construction to preserve its health and structural integrity. It includes the root system, trunk, and canopy spread. The Project Arborist ensures that no excavation, machinery, or materials encroach into this zone without proper mitigation measures.
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What does AS4970:2025 compliance mean for arborists?
AS4970:2025 is the Australian Standard for the protection of trees on development sites. It outlines best practices for assessing trees, calculating TPZ and Structural Root Zones (SRZ), and implementing protective measures. A Project Arborist ensures that all tree-related activities on site comply with this standard, helping avoid damage and legal issues.
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When is an Arborist Report required for planning permits?
An Arborist Report is often required when trees are present on or near a proposed development site. Councils use these reports to assess tree health, significance, and the impact of proposed works. The report supports planning applications by providing expert recommendations on tree retention, removal, and protection strategies.
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How does a Project Arborist help prevent tree damage during construction?
The Project Arborist:
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Conducts pre-construction tree assessments
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Monitors compliance with the TPS & TPP and AS4970 standards
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Advises on safe excavation and construction practices near trees
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Identifies early signs of stress or damage
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Recommends corrective actions to preserve tree health
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Inspects and provide certification throughout each development stage in accordance with responsible authority.
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Their involvement helps avoid costly fines, delays, and the loss of valuable trees.
Tree Risk Assessments – FAQ
Why are tree risk assessments important?
Tree risk assessments help identify potential hazards posed by trees, such as falling branches, structural instability, or root damage. They are essential for maintaining public safety, protecting property, and ensuring responsible tree management. These assessments also support informed decisions about pruning, removal, or retention.
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What methods are used in tree risk assessments?
Qualified arborists use internationally recognised methods such as:
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TRAQ (Tree Risk Assessment Qualification) – a systematic approach developed by the International Society of Arboriculture (ISA).
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QTRA (Quantified Tree Risk Assessment) – a method that calculates risk based on probability and consequences.
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These frameworks help assess the likelihood of tree failure and the potential impact on people or property.
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How does the Tree Protection Zone (TPZ) relate to risk evaluation?
The TPZ is a designated area around a tree that must be protected during construction or site activity. Encroachment into the TPZ can increase the risk of tree failure due to root damage or stress. Tree risk assessments often evaluate whether TPZs are being respected and whether additional protective measures are needed.
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What are the categories of tree risk?
Tree risk is typically classified into three levels:
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Low Risk – minimal likelihood of failure or harm.
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Moderate Risk – some potential for failure, requiring monitoring or minor intervention
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High Risk – significant likelihood of failure or harm, often requiring immediate action such as risk mitigation, pruning or removal.
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These categories help prioritise tree management actions based on urgency and severity.
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How do tree risk assessments relate to legal liability?
Property owners and managers have a duty of care to ensure trees do not pose unreasonable risks. A documented tree risk assessment can demonstrate proactive management and reduce liability in the event of tree-related incidents. Councils and insurers may also require these reports for compliance and claims purposes.
Tree Inventory Audits – FAQ
Why conduct a tree inventory audit?
A tree inventory audit provides a comprehensive record of all trees on a site, including species, size, health, and location. It supports informed decision-making for development, landscaping, risk management, and long-term tree care. Councils and developers use these audits to plan responsibly and comply with environmental regulations.
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What’s the difference between a tree inventory and an arboricultural assessment?
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A tree inventory focuses on data collection—species, dimensions, health ratings, and location mapping. An arboricultural assessment goes deeper, evaluating tree structure, risk, retention value, and suitability for development. Both are valuable, but inventories are typically used for planning and asset management, while assessments are used for compliance and risk evaluation.
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What is tree species diversity and health mapping?
Tree species diversity mapping identifies the variety of tree types on a site, which is important for ecological balance and resilience. Health mapping assesses the condition of each tree, helping identify those that need maintenance, removal, or protection. Together, these tools support sustainable landscape planning.
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How does a tree inventory support risk management?
By documenting tree health, structure, and proximity to infrastructure, a tree inventory helps identify potential hazards—such as unstable trees or root conflicts. This allows property owners and managers to proactively address risks, reducing liability and improving safety.
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Why is a tree inventory important for council compliance?
Many councils require tree inventories as part of planning applications, development approvals, or vegetation management plans. A well-prepared inventory ensures transparency, supports permit decisions, and demonstrates responsible tree stewardship in line with local regulations and overlays.
Nursery Stock Inspections, AS 2303 Compliance - FAQ
Why does AS 2303 matter for tree quality?
AS 2303 is the Australian Standard for assessing the quality of nursery-grown trees for landscape use. It ensures that trees meet minimum standards for health, structure, and form before planting. Compliance helps reduce transplant failure, improves long-term tree performance, and ensures value for investment in landscape projects.
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What is tree stock balance and size index?
Tree stock balance refers to the proportional relationship between a tree’s canopy, trunk, and root system. The size index is a calculated measure used to determine whether a tree is appropriately developed for its container size. Balanced trees are more likely to establish successfully and grow uniformly after planting.
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What is assessed above and below ground in nursery stock inspections?
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Above-ground assessments include canopy shape, branch structure, stem taper, and overall health.
Below-ground assessments focus on root development, root ball integrity, and absence of defects like girdling roots or poor anchorage.
Both aspects are critical to ensure the tree is structurally sound and ready for successful establishment.
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How does AS 2303 compare to NATSPEC tree standards?
AS 2303 provides a detailed, measurable framework for evaluating tree quality, while NATSPEC offers broader specifications for landscape construction. AS 2303 is more focused on nursery stock quality, whereas NATSPEC may be used for general planting guidelines. Many projects use both standards together to ensure best practice.
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What are the tree inspection standards for landscape projects?
Tree inspections for landscape projects should follow AS 2303 to verify:
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Tree health and structural integrity
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Proper root development and container suitability
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Compliance with size and balance criteria
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Absence of pests, diseases, or deformities
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These inspections help ensure that only high-quality trees are planted, reducing maintenance costs and improving long-term outcomes.
